For example: Tortoises are susceptible to a variety of ectoparasites, including ticks and cloacal mites. [1] The format of the citation number may vary depending on the preferences of your instructor or editor. Citation numbers may be written in superscript or placed in brackets [ ] or parentheses ( ). Requirements also vary in terms of whether the number goes before or after the final punctuation.
For example: Appropriate treatment of ecto-parasitic infestations in tortoises depends on the severity of the infestation and the presence of secondary infections (Smith 2012). For 2 authors, separate the surnames of both authors with the word “and”: (Abernathy and Smith 2008). For 3 or more authors, provide the surname of the first author, followed by “et al. ”: (Abernathy et al. 1998). If you cite multiple sources with the same name and date, distinguish between them by putting a lowercase letter after the date. E. g. , (Smith 2008a), (Smith 2008b).
For example, in a citation-name or year-name reference list, an article by Abernathy would be listed before an article by Smith, regardless of which article was cited first in your paper. In a citation-sequence system, sources are listed in the reference list in the order in which they were first referenced in your paper. So if the first article you cited is by Smith, this source would appear first in your reference list. Citations are numbered in the citation-name and citation-sequence systems, but not in the year-name system.
For an article with multiple authors, list the author(s) in the order given in the original publication. For example, “Smith Z, Robinson W, West D. ” Put a period after the final initial in the list, to separate it from the source title. If the article has more than 10 authors, list the first 10, followed by “et al. ”
Smith Z. Common ectoparasitic infestations in Steppe tortoises.
For example: Smith Z. Common ectoparasitic infestations in Steppe tortoises. Faux J Vet Sci. To find standardized abbreviations for title words, consult the International Standard Serial Number database here: http://www. issn. org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/
Smith Z. Common ectoparasitic infestations in Steppe tortoises. Faux J Vet Sci. 2012;303(1):42-78.
Smith Z. Common ectoparasitic infestations in Steppe tortoises. Faux J Vet Sci [Internet]. 2012 [cited 19 Dec 2017];303(1):42-78. Available from: fakejournalurl. org/303. 01.
For example: According to Crusher, xenoviruses pose relatively little threat to human populations 3; however, Pulaski posits that genetic mutation could lead to the development of virulent strains. 5,17 Put a space before the citation number. Citation numbers should be placed before mid-sentence punctuation (such as commas or semicolons) and after final punctuations (such as periods). If you cite more than one source at once, separate the citation numbers with a comma, but do not use spaces between the numbers.
For articles with 1-6 authors, list the names of every author. For articles with 7 or more authors, list the first 3 authors followed by et al. For example, Crusher BH, Pulaski K, McCoy L, et al.
Crusher BH. Xenovirus infection rates in recently established Alpha Quadrant colonies.
You can look up the title abbreviations for most journals here: https://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/nlmcatalog/journals If your journal does not appear in the NLM database, construct the abbreviated title using standard abbreviations found in the ISSN database: http://www. issn. org/services/online-services/access-to-the-ltwa/ For example: McCoy L. Shirt color as a predictor of mortality. Faux J Space Med.
McCoy L. Shirt color as a predictor of mortality. Faux J Space Med. 2018;20(4):345-578.
For example: McCoy L. Shirt color as a predictor of mortality. Faux J Space Med. 2018;20(4):345-578. Fakejournalurl. com/20_4. Accessed May 10, 2018.
You don’t need to provide a URL or date of access if you have a DOI. If you can’t find the DOI, request it here: http://www. crossref. org/SimpleTextQuery/ For example: Crusher BH. Xenovirus infection rates in recently established Alpha Quadrant colonies. J Fict Future Med. 2017. doi:10. xxxxx.
For example: Before the development of germ theory, the causes of typhoid were poorly understood1.
For a single author: (Jeeves 2016). For 2 authors: (Jeeves and Wooster 2012). For more than 2 authors: (Jeeves et al. 2015).
For example: “Jeeves R, Wooster BW, Travers D. ” List every author, even if there are more than 10.
Jeeves R. Typhoid epidemiology in 19th century London.
For example: Jeeves R. Typhoid epidemiology in 19th century London. J Vic Immunol.
For example, a complete citation for a print article would look like this: Jeeves R. Typhoid epidemiology in 19th century London. J Vic Immunol. 2016 Feb;37(2):273-95.
For example: Jeeves R. Typhoid epidemiology in 19th century London. J Vic Immunol [Internet]. 2016 Feb;37(2):273-95. Available from: fakejournalurl. org/37-2.
For a single author: (Glossop 2011). For 2 authors: (Glossop & Bassett 2015). For 3-5 authors: List all authors for the first citation, e. g. , (Glossop, Basset & Spode 2013). For subsequent citations, use the first author’s name followed by et al. E. g. , (Glossop et al. 2013). For 6 or more authors: List the first author’s name, followed by et al. For example: (Glossop et al. 2006).
For a single author: “Glossop, R. ” For 2 authors: “Glossop, R. , & Wooster, B. W. ” For 3-7 authors: “Glossop, R. , Basset, W. , & Spode, R. ” For more than 7 authors, use ellipsis (. . . ) in place of names listed after the 6th author, then write the name of the last author in the list. E. g. , “Glossop, R. , Basset, W. , Spode, R. , Wooster, B. W. , Travers, D. , Byng, S. , . . . Haddock, E. ”
For example: Glossop, R. (2012). On the psychology of the individual.
For example, your complete citation might look like this: Glossop, R. (2012). On the psychology of the individual. Fake Journal of Old-Timey Psychoanalysis, 25(3), 852-897.
With a DOI: Glossop, R. (2012). On the psychology of the individual. Fake Journal of Old-Timey Psychoanalysis, 25(3), 852-897. DOI:10. xxxxx. With a URL: Glossop, R. (2012). On the psychology of the individual. Fake Journal of Old-Timey Psychoanalysis, 25(3), 852-897. Retrieved from fakejournalurl. org/25-3. DOI numbers always start with the number 10, followed by a period and 5 other digits (10. xxxxx). The DOI is usually printed somewhere on the first page of the article. [32] X Research source You can also get help finding a DOI for an online article here: http://www. crossref. org/SimpleTextQuery/
When in doubt, ask your professor or publisher what citation style to use.
General sciences: CSE (Council of Science Editors) Psychology and social sciences: APA (American Psychological Association) Medical sciences: AMA (American Medical Association), NLM (National Library of Medicine) Biology: CBE (Council of Biology Editors) Chemistry: ACS (American Chemical Society) Mathematics: AMS (American Mathematical Society) Physics: AIP (American Institute of Physics)
The basics of most citation styles are readily available online. For example, try doing a web search for “cite a journal article in AIP style. ” You can also find style guides for many citation styles in libraries and bookstores. If you are having trouble finding a guide for a specialized citation style, consider ordering it through interlibrary loan.
In the citation-sequence system, sources are cited in-text with a number, either in superscript (1) or in parentheses (1) or brackets [1]. Each number refers to a source in your reference list at the end of the paper. The works in the reference list are numbered and presented in order of citation. The citation-name system works the same way as the citation-sequence system, except that the sources in the reference list are presented in alphabetical order by author. Therefore, note 12 (referring to an article by Smith) might appear in your text before note 1 (referring to an article by Abernathy). In the name-year system, sources are cited in-text with a reference to the author’s name and the year of publication (e. g. , “Smith 2012”). The sources in the reference list are not numbered, and are presented in alphabetical order by author.
